3 Three attempts are Noël Carroll,“Film in the Age of Postmodernism.” Interpreting the Moving Image . Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998. 300-332; Paul Arthur,“The Last of the Last Machine?: Avant-Garde Film Since 1966,” and Fred Camper,“The End of Avant-Garde Film.” Millenium Film Journal 16/17/18. Fall / Winter 1986-87. 66-93 and 99-124.